宁夏英力特房地产公司偷税被罚

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Canada | |||
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?? | ???: A Mari Usque Ad Mare ??: From Sea to Sea ????: D'une océan à l'autre | ||
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?? | ??? ?? 45° 25′ 15″ ?? 75° 41′ 24″? / ??? 45.420833° ?? 75.6900° | ||
?? ?? | ??? ?? 43° 43′ 00″ ?? 79° 20′ 26″? / ??? 43.716589° ?? 79.340686° | ||
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? ?? | 1867? 7? 1? | ||
? ?????? ?? | 1931? 12? 11? | ||
? ?? ?? | 1982? 4? 17? | ||
?? | |||
?? | 9,984,670 km2 (2 ?) | ||
??? ?? | 11.76 (2015)[1] | ||
??? | UTC -3.5~-8 (UTC-3.5~-8) | ||
DST | (UTC-2.5~-7) | ||
?? | |||
??? | ??, ???? | ||
??? | ???? | ||
?? | |||
2024? ?? | 41,475,298?[2] (36?) | ||
?? ?? | 4.2?/km2 (206?) | ||
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GDP(PPP) | 2025? ??? | ||
? ?? | ![]() | ||
? ??? | ![]() | ||
GDP(??) | 2025? ??? | ||
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HDI | ![]() | ||
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ISO 3166-1 | 124, CA, CAN | ||
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?? ?? | +1 | ||
1 ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? God Save the King? ??. |
???(??: Canada, ????: Canada ???[*])? ?????? ??? ???, 10?? ?? 3?? ??? ???? ??. ???? ???? ???? ???, ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???. ???? ? ???? ???? ? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ??. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ????. ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???, 4,100? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? 55? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? 150?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???. ???? ??? ?????, ? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ???, ????, ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ???, ?? ??? ?????, ??, ????, ??, ??? ???? ?? ????.
???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??. 16???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??? ???, ???? 1763?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????. 1867?, ? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? 4?? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ? ? ???? ?????. 1931?? ?????? ??? 1982? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???, ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.
???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????. ???? ?? ???, ?? ?, ?? ???, ??, ??, ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??. ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ???. ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??, ??, ??? ? ??? ???.
???? ???? ????? ?? ?? 1?? ??? ????, ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??. ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??.
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[??]???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ? ??? ?????? ?????? "??" ?? "???"? ???? ???(kanata)?? ??? ??? ?????? ??.[5] 1535?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????(Stadacona) ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ????.[6] ?? ????? "???"?? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????(Donnacona)? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????.[6] 1545???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? '???'?? ??? ????.[6]
16???? 18?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????.[7] ??? ?????? ??? ?, ? ??? 1763??? 1791??? ???? ???.[8] 1791?, ? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ? ? ???? 1841? ????? ??? ??? "? ????"(The Canadas)?? ???.[9]
1867? ?? ?? ?, ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????, "???"(dominion)??? ??? ??? ??? ?????.[10] 1950???? ??? ? ?? "??? ???"??? ??? ???? ??, ???? "??? ??"?? ????.[11][12] ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? 1982? ????(Canada Act)??? ?? "???"?? ??? ?????. 1982? ??, ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?(Dominion Day)?? ???? ?(Canada Day)? ?????.[13]
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[??]??? ?? ? 14,000? ? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????.[14][15] ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????(Paleo-Indian)?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??.[16] ??? ??? ????? ???? ???, ??, ??? ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????.[17][18] ?? ?? ? ??? 15?? ?? 16?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ?????.[19] ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???(First Nations), ????(Inuit), ??? ???(Métis)? ????,[20] ???? 17?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????.[20]

????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? 20? ???[22] 200? ? ???? ??? ????,[23] ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? 50? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??.[24] ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? 40%?? ?? 80%?? ????.[25] ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??(????? ?? ??? ???),[26][27] ?? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ????? ??, ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????.[28][29]
??? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????.[30] ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? "??? ? ??(coureurs des bois)"? ???(voyageurs)? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??.[31] ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.[32] [33] 18?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????.[34] ????? ??? ????? 19?? ??? 20?? ?? ??? ???.[35][36][37] 2008? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????.[38] ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??,[39] ??? ??,[38] ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????.[40]
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???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????(Leif Erikson)??.[42][43] ? 1000??, ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???(L'Anse aux Meadows)?? ?? ??? ???? ????, ??? ? 20? ?? ????? ?????? ????.[44] ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? 1497?, ??? ? ??(John Cabot)? ?? 7?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????.[45] 1534??? ??? ??? ?? ????(Jacques Cartier)? ???????? ?????, 7? 24?? "??? ? ??"?? ??? ??? 10??(33??) ??? ???? ??? ???? 1?? ???? ?????? ??? ???.[46] 16?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??, ???? ?? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???.[47][48]
1583?, ??? ??? ?(Sir Humphrey Gilbert)? ????? 1?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????(St. John's)? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???.[49] 1600?, ???? ???????? ?? ???(Tadoussac)? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???.[44] 1603?? ??? ??? ??? ? ???(Samuel de Champlain)? ???? 1605?? ?????(Port Royal)? 1608?? ???(Quebec City)? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.[50] ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?? ????? ??? ????? ???, ????, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????.[51] 17?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??(Beaver Wars)? ????.[52]
??? 1610?? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ??? 13? ????? ???? ???.[53][54] 1689??? 1763??? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ?????, ? ? ??? ???? 7? ??? ????? ??? ????.[55] 1713? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????, 1763? 7? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????.[56]
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1763? ?? ???(Royal Proclamation)? ??? ???(First Nation) ?? ??? ????, ? ??????? ???? ?????, ???????(Cape Breton Island)? ?????? ????.[13] ????? ?(??? ????????)? 1769?? ??? ???? ???.[58] ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??, ?? ??? 1774? ???(Quebec Act)? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ? ??? ??, ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???, 13? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????.[59] ? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??????? 13? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.[60] ?? ???? ???? 13? ??? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????.[13]
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1867? 7? 1?, ??? ????? ?? ??? ????, ??, ?? ????, ?????, ? 4?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???(Dominion of Canada)? ??????, ?? ??? ??(Canadian Confederation)??? ??. ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????, 1870? 7?? ???? ?? ??? ????. 1866?? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? 1871?? ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ?? 1873?? ???? ????. 1898??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. 1871?? 1896?, ??? ??? 4?? 1? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??.
??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? 3?? ?????? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? 1? 5?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ? 20?? ???? ????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? 9000?? ?? ? 6500?? ?? ??????????, ?? ????? ?? 1.5???? 2.5??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? 1??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ? ??, ?? ??, ??? ????? ????.[61] 2006? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????.[62]
??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????, ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ‘????’?? ????. ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ???. ?? ????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??. ? ?? ??? ??? ‘??? ?’? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??.
20?? ?
[??]?? ??? ??? ??????? ???, 1867? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???. ? ??? ???? ????? ?1? ????? ??? ? ?? ???. ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ??(Vimi Ridge) ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???. ?? 625,000? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ? 6? ?? ????? 172,000 ? ?? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???. ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ???. ?? 1919?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????, 1931?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.
???? 1930?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? 40??? 50??? ??? ???? ??? ‘?? ??’? ??? ?????. ?? 1939??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? 9? 10?? ?? ???? ????? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????.
1939??? ? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?2? ????? ??? ? 100? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ?? 42,000? ?? ????? 55,000? ?? ??? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?? ??, ???? ??, ???? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??. ?? ?? ??? ?? ???, ??, ????, ?? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??. ?? 1944?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????.
??? ?? ?? 1942? ????? ?? ?????? 100??(? 160km) ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? 2? 1?? ?(?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? 90 ???? ??)? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?2?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????(RCMP)? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??? ????? ???? 1948?? ???? ?????. 1998? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????.[63][64]
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[??]?? ?? ??? ?? ??(????: Gouvernement fédéral, Federal Government), ??? ?? ??(????: Parlement du Canada, Parliament of Canada), ??? ?? ??(????: Cour fédérale, Federal Court)?? ???? 3? ??? ??? ??? ??. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????(????: Chambre des Communes, House of Common), ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??(????: Premier ministre, Prime Minister)? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???. ?????? ??? ? ??? ? ??(????: Gouvernement provincial, Provincial Government)? ??(????: Premier ministre, Prime Minister)? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????. ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ??(????: Cour provinciale, Provincial Court)? ???? ? ??(Legislative Assembly, House of Assembly, National Assembly, ????: Assemblée législative, Chambre d'assemblée, Assemblée nationale)? ???? ??.
???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???[65][66], ????, ????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.[?? ??] ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???, ? ??? ??, ??, ??, ?? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??.[?? ??]
???? ??? ?? ?? 2?? ???? ???? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???(Liberal Party of Canada), ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? 1??? ??? ???(Conservative Party of Canada)? ??. ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????(New Democratic Party) ?? ???? ??? ???? ??. ??? ????? ? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???, ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ???. 2019? ??? ??? 5?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????, ? 5?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???, ? 1??? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??? ???, ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??, ????? ??? ?? ??.
???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??. ??? ??? ??? ?? 3??, ?? ??? ??? 15?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??. ?? 3?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??(Governor General)? ????, ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???, ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.
??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???, ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ???. ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???, ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??. ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????, ?? 2?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??.
?? ??? 338?? ???? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? 4???. 10?? ? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ?, ?? 3?? ??? ?? 1?? ????? ??? 10? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?? ??? ?? 1:3:7 ??? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ? ? ??? ? ??? 5? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??. ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? 4??? ? ?? 10?? ??? ????. ??? 105?? ???? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??, ? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. ???? ??? ??? 113?? ???? ???? ???? ???, ??? ?? ??? ??? 75?? ???? ??.
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???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ?? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??. ???? ? 20???? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??. ??? ?????? 2018?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???, ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.
???? UN? ?? ?????, ??????? ????? G20, OECD? ?????? ??. ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???, 1976??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? 1990??? ????(OAS)? ?????. 2000??? OAS ????? ???? 2001??? 3? ???? ????? ????? ???. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ???.
???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??, ?????? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????, ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 2003?? ??? ???? ???? ???. ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???, ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??. ?? 2? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??.

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[??]???? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? 2? ?? ??? 1? ????, ??? 2? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??, ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??. ?? ????? ?? ???? UN?? ???? ???? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? NORAD? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???.
1956?? ?2? ?? ?? ??, ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? B. ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ? ??? ???? 1957?? ?? ???? ????? ??. UN? ???????? ? ? ???? ??? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????, ?? 50? ??? ??? ??? ?????? 1989???? UN?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??. ???? ???, ?????? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?? 1993?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???.
2001??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? UN? ??? ?? NATO? ???? ???????? ???? ?????. 2007? 2??? ???, ????, ??, ????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ? ??. 2007? 8??? 1925? ?? ????? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??. 2020? 9??? ??? ??? ??? 19 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ? ? ?? ?????.
???? ????? ???? ???? ???, ? 68,000? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? 27,000?? ???? ??.[68] ??? ??? ?? ??, ??, ???? ?????. 2013?? ???? ??? ??? ? 190? ??? ?? ???, ??? ?? GDP? 1% ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? 2016? ?????? ?? 10? ?? ???? ? 70%?? ?????? ???.[?? ??] ?? ??? ??? ??? ? 88?? ????, 15?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??. ???? ? ??? ??? 2027? ?? ??? ? 327? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[?? ??] ?? ???? 3,000?? ?? ???? ??? ??????[?? ??], ?? ????? ???[69], ?????, ???? ? ??? ???? ??.[?? ??]
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[??]???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? 6,000km? ?? ?? ???, ???? ???? 200~300km ??? ?? ??? ????. ? 200? ?? ??? ??. ???? ?? ???? ???. ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ??, ??? ????? ???? ???. ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??.
???? 15?? ?????? 5?? ??????? ?????. ? ?????? ? 8? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? 800? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ??.[70][71] ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ? 300? ??????? ???? ??, ??, ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??. ???? ?? ?? ??? ? 35% ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ? ??? 9%? ???? ???? ??.[72][73]
??? ??? ? ??? ? 12.1%? ???????? ???????, ? ??? ??? 11.4%? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??? 13.8%? ???????? 8.9%? ????????. ???? ? ????? ?? ????? 1885?? ??????, ? ??? ? 6,641 ??????? ???? ?? ??, ???, ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ? ??? 1? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ? ???? ??????, ??? 11,570 ??????? ???? ???? ? 18?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??.
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[??]???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? 2??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????. ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? 4??? ??? ??? ??? ??. ???? ??? ????? ???, ????? ???, ????? ???? ?? ???, ?? ??? ? 9,984,670 ??????? ???. ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???, ? 243,042km? ???? ??. ?? ???? 8,891km? ???, ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??. ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??. ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ? 817km ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? 72? ???? ?? ???? ??.
???? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??. ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????, ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??. ???? ? 200? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???, ? ? 563?? ??? 100 ??????? ????. ? ??? ?? ??, ??? ??, ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ???, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??.

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[??]???? ??? ???? ??(因子)? ????? ???? ??? ???(大地形)?? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???. ?? ??? ????? ??(回廊)? ???, ???? ????? ? ??? ????, ???? ???? ??? ????. ??, ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???.
??(????????? ?)? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???, ???? ?? ?? ??. ??(?????, ???, ????? ?)? ??? ?? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???. ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? '?? ??'? ?? ???. ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? 30?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??. ??? ????? ?? ??? 50? ??? ? ?? ??. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? 20? ??? ???? ?? ??. ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? 2?? ??? ???? ???? ?? 8? ??? ???? ?? ??. ???? 11?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????, ? ??? ???? ?? ? 4??? ??? ???.
??
[??]???? ?? ???(??? ????) ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??. ?? 10?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? 2?? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? 2007? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??.
??
[??]???? ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??, ??? ?? ??, ??, ??, ?? ·??, ??? ??, ??, ???? ??, ??, ??, ??, ???, ?? ??, ????? ??, ???? ??, ??? ??, ????? ??, ?? ??, CG, ???????.
??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???, ????? 3? ???? ???? ??. ????? ??, ???? ???, ????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? 1/2? ???? ??.
???? ??? ??? ????, ??, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?? ???? 35%? ????, ?????? 10%? ????.
??? 2? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??(石綿)? ???? ??? ??. ? ?? ??, ?, ???, ?, ??, ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?2?? ?? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??. ?? ??? ?? ???(1? ?, 1?, ?? ?? ??? 29.2%), ?? ??(820? ?, 1?, ?? ?? ??? 30.9%), ??(903? ?, 2?), ???(1980? ?, 3?), ?(1309?, 3?), ???(2750?, 3?), ??(16? ?, 3?), ??(100? ?, 4?), ???(4304?, 5?), ?? ???(1335? ?, 5?), ?(15? ?, 5?), ?(141?, 7?), ???(143?, 8?), ??(56? ?, 8?)? ??? ??. ? ??? ????, ? ?? ???? ??.
???? ?? ??? ???? ?? 10?? ???? ??? 17??? ??. ?? ??? 2003? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?? ?? ??? ????(6565?? ?, 3?), ??? ?? ??(3695? ?, 9?)?? ??(2954? ?)? ??(9111? ?)? ???? ??? ??. ?????? ???? 1120? ??? ??? ?? ?6???. ?? ??? ??????? ????, ??, ??, ?, ?, ??, ?????, ???, ??, ???, ?? ?? ??. ??(???? ??)? ?? 2?? ???? ????. ???, ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????. 2006? ?? ?? ?? 270? ??? ??? ???? 85? ??? ????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??(油井)?? ???? ???? ?????, ? ?? ??? ????(oil sand) ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???.[74]
???? ??? ?? ??? 3.4%(1999?)? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??. ??, ?? ?? ??? ????, ??? 3??? ???? ??(硬質) ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???, ???? 3?? 2? ???? ??. ? ????? 25,261,400?(2011?, ?? 7?, 3.59%)[75]??. ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ???????????? ??(green house) ??? ???? ??? ??.
??
[??]2018? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??(75.85%), ??(4.32%), ??(3.24%), ??(2.17%), ???(1.44%)??. ?? ?? ???? ??(51.33%), ??(12.64%), ???(6.33%), ??(3.20%), ??(3.12%)? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ??. 2017? ???? ????? 420,632?? ??, ????? 432,405?? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??(54,037,754?? ??), ???(16,216,430?? ??), ? ??(13,112,868?? ??), ?? ?(11,337,522?? ??)??. ?? ?? ??? ???(24,734,528?? ??), ??(12,768,537?? ??), ?? ?(12,297,755?? ??), ??(10,646,055?? ??)??.[76]
??
[??]???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??, 3,000?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? (?? 49~50? ??)? ???? ????, ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????. ??? ? ???? 1885?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???, ?? ??? ?? ???, ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??. 1962?? ??? ?? 8,000km? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??.[77] ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? 100km? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ? 45?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 2?? ???? ???? ??.
??
[??]??
[??]??
[??]
???? ? ??? 2015? ???? 35,939,927???. ?? ???? 1.04%(2010~2015?)? 1955??? ?? ??????. ????? 4.0?/km2?? ?? ??? 56.5?/km2? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? 81.8%(2015?)? ??? ???? ??. ????? 40.6??? 2015? ??????? 16.14? ??? ????.[78]
2016?? ??? ??? ????? ???, ?? ???? ??? 35,151,728???, 2011?? ???? ? 5% ??? ???? ???? ??. 2011?? 2016? 5? ??? ???? ??? ? 170? ? ?? ??????, ? ??? ? ? 3?? 2? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???. 1990?? 2008? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? 560? ? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ? 20.4% ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???, ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????.
???? 1?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ???, ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??. ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??. 2019? ???? 1?? ? 341,180?? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ? ???? ????? ? ???????. ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ???, ????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? 10% ??? ????? ??. ?? 2018?? ???? 28,000? ?? ??? ???? ?????.
?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ????? 1??????? ? 3.7??? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? 41??? ?? 83??? ?? ???, ???? ? 95%? ??? ?? ?? 55? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???. ?? ?? ??? 5?? 4? ??? ???? ?? ??? 150km ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??. ????? ?? ??? ???? ? 50%? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????, ???????? ????? ?? ????. ??? 30% ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??.
?????? ? 67.7%? ??? ??? ???? ??, 28.2%? ?? ???? ??? 4.1% ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. 6.3%? ???? ??? ???? 20?? 34? ??? ??? ? 34.7%? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???. 69%? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???, ?? ? 58.6%? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??.
??
[??]???? ??? ???? ???? ??. 2001? ?? ??? ???, 10? ? ??? ??? ?? 34? ??? ??. ????? ??? ???(2016? ?? 73%) ?1? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ??(???? 18.3%, ??? 13.6%, ????? 13.9%, ???? 13.4%, ?? 9.6%, ???? 4.6%) ??? ??? ????. ???? ????? ?? ??? 14.5%??, ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?? ??? 3.3%??. ??? ?? ??? 2.88%? ?????, ??? ???? ? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???, ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????.
???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? 1982?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??(???, ????, ???)? ????. ? ?? ???? '???(Indians)'??? ??? ???, ??? ???? ???? '??? ???(First Nations)'??? ??? ????. ?? ???? 2001? ?? ???? ?? ??? 3.3%? 976,305?? ??????, ? ??? 62%? ??????, 30%? ???, 5%? ??????.
??
[??]???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ???, ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??. ????? ??? ???, ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??. ???? ??? ??? ???? ???, ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? ?? ??. ?? ??? ??, ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?? ????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???.
2011? ?? ?? ??? ???, ????? ??? ? 67.3%? ???? ??????? ???. ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??, ?? ??? 38.7% ??? ???? ??. ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ????? 27% ??? ???? ??. ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ????? 6.1%? ? ??? ???? ??. ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??(anglican church of canada), ? ? ?? ???? ???? ???. 1960?? ????? ????? ????, 2011??? ??? 23.9%? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? 2001?? 16.5%? ???? ? ?? ? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??? 3.2%? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??. ??? ?? ??? 1.5%? ?????? 1.4%? ??????.
??
[??]???? ???? ??[A]? ??????. 2007? 12? 4? ??? 2006? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? 57.8%, ???? 22.1%, ???? ??? 67.55%, ????? 21.70%, ???? ?? ?? 85.08%, ???? 30.70%? ????. ???? 1969? 7? 7? ????(Official Languages Act)? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? 600? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???. ????? 98%? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????, ?2????? ????, ????, ???, ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??. ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ??? ??, ????? ?, ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?, ??????????? ? ??? ??, ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???. ????? ?1??? ???? ???? ??? 85%? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??????? 6???? ?? ?? ?????? ????. ? 2006? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? 6,147,840(20.1%)? ????. ???? ?? ?? ???(1,034,090), ?????(476,905?), ???(466,650?), ????(382,585?), ????(362,120?), ???(286,785?), ?????(260,440?)?? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ??(?????)? ?????.
?????? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??? 56%? 21%? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????. 2016? ????? ??? 730? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???. ?? ???? ??? ???? ????, ? 122? ?? ??? ????? ??. ? ?? 50? ? ??? ????, 45? ?? ????, 41? ?? ???, 38? ?? ???, 37? ?? ????? ?? ????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???, ????, ????, ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????. ???? ????? ??, ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ???, ?? ????? ? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ??.
1977?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? 85%? ?? ?? ?? ???, ? ??? ?????, ???, ????, ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? 33% ??? ???. ???? ?????? ???, ??? ? ?, ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??.
???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????, ????? ??? ?? ??, ???? ??? ???? ??? ??. ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ????? 11?? ??? ?? ???? ??. ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? 3?? ?? ??? ? ????? ??. ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ???, ?? ???? ?? ?? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?????, ????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ???.
??
[??]???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ‘????’?? ???. ?????? 1984?? ??? ??? ???? ???, ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ‘?? ????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??’? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? 30%? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???, ?? ????? ??, ??, ???? ??? ?? ??. ?????? 65%?? 75% ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ? ??? ???, ??? ??, ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????.
???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??, ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???. 2006?? ????? ?? ??? ? 39.5???, 12??? ? 42.4? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ? 81.1???. 2016? ??? ???? ??? ???, ? ??? ??? 88%? ??? ‘??? ?? ??’?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??? ??? G7??? ?? ?? ????. ?? ??? ??? 80%? ???? ??, ??? ??, ???? ???, ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??. ???? OECD?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????. ?? 4? ????? ?, ??? ??, ??, ????? ????? ?? ???? ? 65%? ????.
2017?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? GDP? 11%? ??? ? 2,420? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? OECD ???? ? 7?? ????. ???? 2000?? ???? OECD ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???, 2017??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? OECD ????? ???? ????, ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??. ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???, ????? ???, ? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??, ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??.
??
[??]???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???. ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??. ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ???? ??, ??, ????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???.
???? ??? ????? ??, ???, ??, ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????. 20?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????, ??, ??, ????? ? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ‘???? ??’? ?? ????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??.
??
[??]?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?? 18?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??. ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??, ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??. ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???, ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ? ??? ???? ??? ‘A Mari Usque Ad Mare', ? ’???? ???‘? ??? ???? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??. ? ??? ???? ??? ??, ??? ??, ? ?? ???, ???? ????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??? ??, ?????, ??, ????? ?? ????. ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ???, 1?? ???? ??? ???, 50?? ???? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??? ??. 2013??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???. ?? ??? 20?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? 2?? ??? ??? ??.
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[??]???? ??? ??? 1770??? ??? ????. ?????, ??, ??, ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???. ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??. ??, ???, ??, ????, ????, ??, ??, ??, ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??.
???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??. ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??, ???? ?? ?? ??. ???? 1900? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??, 1976? ?? ???, 1988? ?? ???, 1994? ?? ????, 2007? FIFA U-20 ???, 2010? ?? ???, 2015? FIFA ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????. ???? 2015?? ????? ??, 2015? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????. ?? 2026??? ???? ??? ?? 2026? FIFA ???? ?? ??? ????.
?? ??
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[??]???
[??]- ↑ “Surface water and surface water change”. OECD. 2018? 12? 9?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 11?? ???.
- ↑ “Population estimates, quarterly”. Statistics Canada. 2024? 9? 25?. 2024? 9? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 9? 25?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? “World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Canada)”. 《www.imf.org》. ?? ?? ??. 2025? 4? 22?. 2025? 5? 26?? ???.
- ↑ “Human Development Report 2025” (PDF) (??). ?? ?? ??. 2025? 5? 6?. 2025? 5? 6?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2025? 5? 6?? ???.
- ↑ Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1991). 《Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism》. Greenwood Publishing Group. 109?. ISBN 978-0-313-26257-9.
- ↑ ? ? ? Rayburn, Alan (2001). 《Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names》. University of Toronto Press. 14–22?. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0.
- ↑ Magocsi, Paul R. (1999). 《Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples》. University of Toronto Press. 1048?. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.
- ↑ “Province of Quebec 1763-91”. 《The Canadian Encyclopedia》. 2020? 5? 14?. 2024? 10? 1?? ???.
- ↑ “An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada”. J.C. Fisher & W. Kimble. 1841. 20?.
- ↑ O'Toole, Roger (2009). 〈Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context〉. Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly. 《Holy Nations and Global Identities: Civil Religion, Nationalism, and Globalisation》. Brill. 137?. ISBN 978-90-04-17828-1.
- ↑ Morra, Irene (2016). 《The New Elizabethan Age: Culture, Society and National Identity after World War II》. I.B.Tauris. 49?. ISBN 978-0-85772-867-8.
- ↑ McIntyre, D. (1998). 《British Decolonization, 1946–1997: When, Why and How did the British Empire Fall?》. British History in Perspective. Bloomsbury Publishing. 108?. ISBN 978-1-349-26922-8.
- ↑ ? ? ? Buckner, Philip, ??. (2008). 《Canada and the British Empire》. Oxford University Press. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125?. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1.
- ↑ Dillehay, Thomas D. (2008). 《The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory》. Basic Books. 61?. ISBN 978-0-7867-2543-4.
- ↑ Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2016). 《World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction》. Routledge. 124?. ISBN 978-1-317-34244-1.
- ↑ Rawat, Rajiv (2012). 《Circumpolar Health Atlas》. University of Toronto Press. 58?. ISBN 978-1-4426-4456-4.
- ↑ Hayes, Derek (2008). 《Canada: An Illustrated History》. Douglas & Mcintyre. 7, 13?. ISBN 978-1-55365-259-5.
- ↑ Macklem, Patrick (2001). 《Indigenous Difference and the Constitution of Canada》. University of Toronto Press. 170?. ISBN 978-0-8020-4195-1.
- ↑ Sonneborn, Liz (January 2007). 《Chronology of American Indian History》. Infobase Publishing. 2–12?. ISBN 978-0-8160-6770-1.
- ↑ ? ? Graber, Christoph Beat; Kuprecht, Karolina; Lai, Jessica C. (2012). 《International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues》. Edward Elgar Publishing. 366?. ISBN 978-0-85793-831-2.
- ↑ “Census Program Data Viewer dashboard”. 《Statistics Canada》. 2022? 2? 9?. 2024? 1? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 2? 3?? ???.
- ↑ Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). 《Dying and Death in Canada》. University of Toronto Press. 25–27?. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4.
- ↑ Thornton, Russell (2000). 〈Population history of Native North Americans〉. Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall. 《A population history of North America》. Cambridge University Press. 13, 380?. ISBN 978-0-521-49666-7.
- ↑ O'Donnell, C. Vivian (2008). 〈Native Populations of Canada〉. Bailey, Garrick Alan. 《Indians in Contemporary Society》. Handbook of North American Indians 2. Government Printing Office. 285?. ISBN 978-0-16-080388-8.
- ↑ Marshall, Ingeborg (1998). 《A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk》. McGill-Queen's University Press. 442?. ISBN 978-0-7735-1774-5.
- ↑ Collen, Evelyn Jane; Johar, Angad Singh; Teixeira, Jo?o C.; Llamas, Bastien (2022? 8? 5?). “The immunogenetic impact of European colonization in the Americas”. 《Frontiers in Genetics》 (Frontiers Media SA) 13: 1-8. doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.918227. ISSN 1664-8021.
- ↑ True Peters, Stephanie (2005). 《Smallpox in the New World》. Marshall Cavendish. 39?. ISBN 978-0-7614-1637-1.
- ↑ Laidlaw, Z.; Lester, Alan (2015). 《Indigenous Communities and Settler Colonialism: Land Holding, Loss and Survival in an Interconnected World》. Springer. 150?. ISBN 978-1-137-45236-8.
- ↑ Ray, Arthur J. (2005). 《I Have Lived Here Since The World Began》. Key Porter Books. 244?. ISBN 978-1-55263-633-6.
- ↑ Preston, David L. (2009). 《The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783》. University of Nebraska Press. 43–44?. ISBN 978-0-8032-2549-7.
- ↑ Miller, J.R. (2009). 《Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada》. University of Toronto Press. 34?. ISBN 978-1-4426-9227-5.
- ↑ Williams, L. (2021). 《Indigenous Intergenerational Resilience: Confronting Cultural and Ecological Crisis》. Routledge Studies in Indigenous Peoples and Policy. Taylor & Francis. 51?. ISBN 978-1-000-47233-2.
- ↑ Turner, N.J. (2020). 《Plants, People, and Places: The Roles of Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology in Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights in Canada and Beyond》. McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies. McGill-Queen's University Press. 14?. ISBN 978-0-2280-0317-5. }}
- ↑ Asch, Michael (1997). 《Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference》. UBC Press. 28?. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581-0.
- ↑ Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada (2016? 1? 1?). 《Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume I》. McGill-Queen's University Press. 3–7?. ISBN 978-0-7735-9818-8.
- ↑ Lux, M.K. (2016). 《Separate Beds: A History of Indian Hospitals in Canada, 1920s-1980s》. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. University of Toronto Press. 7?. ISBN 978-1-4426-1386-7.
- ↑ Kirmayer, Laurence J.; Guthrie, Gail Valaskakis (2009). 《Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada》. UBC Press. 9?. ISBN 978-0-7748-5863-2.
- ↑ ? ? “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action” (PDF). National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. 2015. 5?. 2015? 6? 15?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??.
- ↑ “Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada” (PDF). 《National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation》. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015? 5? 31?. 2016? 7? 6?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2019? 1? 6?? ???.
- ↑ “Principles respecting the Government of Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples”. 《Ministère de la Justice》. 2017? 7? 14?. 2023? 6? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ ?:??? ??
- ↑ Wallace, Birgitta (2018? 10? 12?). 〈Leif Eriksson〉. 《The Canadian Encyclopedia》. 2021? 4? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 6? 4?? ???.
- ↑ Johansen, Bruce E.; Pritzker, Barry M. (2007). 《Encyclopedia of American Indian History》. ABC-CLIO. 727–728?. ISBN 978-1-85109-818-7.
- ↑ ? ? Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis; Milner, George (2009). 〈L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site〉. 《Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia》. ABC-CLIO. 27, 82?. ISBN 978-0-313-02189-3.
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- ↑ ?:?? ?
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- ↑ “[??? ????] ????? ?? ??? ?? 3?”. 2025? 4? 2?? ???.
- ↑ “??? ??? 2??? ?? ?? > ??? ????”. 2025? 4? 2?? ???.
- ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2018? 3? 14?). “Forests in Canada”. 2025? 3? 5?? ???.
- ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2018? 3? 14?). “Infographic 1 An overview of Canada's forests resources”. 2025? 3? 5?? ???.
- ↑ “??? ? ????? ??? ???”. 《????》 (?????). 2011? 1? 17?.
- ↑ “?????? ??”. 2016? 10? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 1? 6?? ???.
- ↑ World Integrated Trade Solution Worldbank
- ↑ 《??? ?? ?????》〈???? ??〉
- ↑ ????? ????[?? ??(?? ?? ??)] UN ?? ?? ?? 2015??