手指甲出现双层是什么原因| barbie是什么意思| 不建议什么意思| 苦荞茶和什么搭配最好| 为什么虾煮熟了会变红| 底线是什么意思| 985大学什么意思| 梦见已故母亲预示什么| 骨骼肌率是什么意思| 吃什么长胸| 搬迁送什么礼物好| 肝功能2项是指什么| 智齿什么时候长| 想入非非什么意思| 亦或是什么意思| 10086查话费发什么短信| 火烈鸟为什么是红色的| 手心朝上是什么意思| 中性粒细胞低是什么原因| 莞尔是什么意思| 天蝎座和什么星座配| 益母草有什么功效| 婴儿足底血筛查什么| 氯化钙是什么| 胎动在肚脐周围是什么胎位| 什么情况要割包皮| 西瓜虫吃什么食物| 99什么意思| 幼对什么| 阴虚什么意思| 怀孕吃什么水果最好| 胃痛怎么办吃什么药| 三番四次是什么生肖| 黎山老母什么级别神仙| 花序是什么意思| 观音菩萨代表什么生肖| 称心如意是什么意思| 血常规wbc是什么意思| 不利是什么意思| 罗勒叶在中国叫什么| 早上吃玉米有什么好处| 出行是什么意思| 脚底板热是什么原因| 床单什么颜色有助于睡眠| 宝宝贫血有什么危害| 1992年属什么生肖| 出车前检查的目的是什么| 梦见鼻子出血是什么意思| 什么时间运动减肥效果最好| 情人的定义是什么| 西替利嗪是什么药| 夏天受凉感冒吃什么药| 牛顿发明了什么| 智利说什么语言| 玄学是什么意思| 什么是树莓| 甲亢有些什么症状| 冬枣是什么季节的水果| 常喝苦荞茶有什么好处| 肾虚吃什么| 晚上睡觉出汗是什么原因| 女人梦见火是什么预兆| 脓肿是什么病| 香菇和什么不能一起吃| 天蝎座什么象星座| 现在钱为什么这么难挣| 吃空饷什么意思| GOLF是什么品牌| 梦见病人好了什么预兆| 军长什么级别| 卫生局是什么单位| 数不胜数的胜是什么意思| 雷诺综合征是什么病| 杜甫的诗被称为什么| 生不逢时什么意思| 阿昔洛韦乳膏治什么病| 小便白细胞高是什么原因| 不稀罕是什么意思| 治疗带状疱疹用什么药最好| 谨记教诲是什么意思| 12580是什么号码| 1998属什么生肖| 玉米属于什么类| 心绞痛挂什么科| 眼珠子疼是什么原因| 经略相公是什么官| 甲亢属于什么科室| 滑板鞋是什么鞋| 辐射对人体有什么伤害| 科目一和科目四有什么区别| 大排畸什么时候做| 系带断了有什么影响| 什么的桌椅| 海南的海是什么海| 膝盖疼痛吃什么药好| 滴虫性阴炎有什么症状表现| 9月13号是什么星座| 一个六一个允念什么| 安乐片是什么药| 晚上睡觉放屁多是什么原因| 蛇为什么会咬人| 总胆固醇高有什么症状| 郁郁寡欢什么意思| 家里停电了打什么电话| aqua是什么牌子| 肾阴阳两虚吃什么中成药| 黑色屎是什么原因| 叶酸对人体有什么好处| 维生素b族什么牌子的好| 什么是脑瘫| 赤小豆是什么| 腰疼是什么原因引起的女性| 宝齐莱算什么档次的表| 脾胃虚寒吃什么药好| 2024年属什么年| ccf是什么| 秦始皇的佩剑叫什么剑| 彩虹像什么| 两个火念什么| 梦到别人结婚是什么意思| 溢字五行属什么| 大便感觉拉不干净什么原因| 脸上过敏是什么症状| 66大寿有什么讲究| 光谱是什么| 邋遢是什么意思| 异地办理护照需要什么材料| 水煮鱼用什么鱼做好吃| ne医学上是什么意思| blacklabel是什么牌子| 逆钟向转位什么意思| cacao是什么意思| normal是什么意思| ckd5期是什么意思| 酥油茶是什么做的| 离职是什么意思| bm是什么牌子| 去草原穿什么衣服拍照好看| 什么叫高潮| 梦到自己拔牙齿是什么预兆| 尤物是什么意思| 阴茎硬不起来吃什么药| 嗓子老有痰是什么原因| 胃息肉是什么引起的| 缺钠是什么原因造成的| 石榴代表什么生肖| 月经不正常吃什么药| 毛发旺盛女生什么原因引起的| 发烧吃什么好| 梦到狗是什么意思| 夏天能种什么菜| 经常的近义词是什么| 玫瑰糠疹吃什么药最有效| 乳房头疼是什么原因| 头疼需要做什么检查| 开车压到蛇有什么说法| 乳腺增生吃什么食物好| 失聪什么意思| 牛建读什么| 国师是什么职位| 肠道长息肉是什么原因造成的| 勇往直前是什么意思| 乳腺炎不能吃什么| 最好的油是什么油| 什么是红斑狼疮| 天经地义的意思是什么| 梦见鼻子出血是什么意思| 女生下面叫什么| 猪油蒙了心是什么意思| 有血尿是什么原因| 检查膀胱挂什么科| 自然生化流产是什么意思| abo是什么意思| 表里不一是什么意思| 帝加口念什么| 房间隔缺损是什么意思| 澳门区花是什么花| 烫伤抹什么药| 莴笋炒什么好吃| 周杰伦为什么喜欢昆凌| 1981年属什么| 天蝎是什么动物| igg抗体阳性是什么意思| 伊索寓言有什么故事| 黄热病是什么病| 缺锌容易得什么病| 用什么刷牙能使牙齿变白| 尊字五行属什么| 一致是什么意思| 脾是什么器官| 老佛爷是什么牌子| 胯骨疼是什么原因| 何曾是什么意思| 小便是红色的是什么原因男性| 荷兰猪是什么动物| 命根子是什么| 牛油果是什么季节的水果| h2o是什么| 冬虫夏草有什么作用| 中暑了吃什么药| 水蛭是什么动物| 死亡是什么感觉| 三伏天是什么时候开始| 小孩睡觉流鼻血是什么原因引起的| 心脏不好吃什么药最好| 送老爸什么礼物| 什么叫中出| 高梁长什么样子| 掐人中有什么作用| 渣男最怕什么样的女人| 下面有味道用什么药| 球蛋白低是什么原因| 大便次数多吃什么药| 706代血浆又叫什么| 庄子是什么学派| 氧化铜什么颜色| 孕妇做梦梦到蛇是什么意思| 剪头发叫什么手术| 铁蛋白偏高是什么意思| 长颈鹿的脖子像什么| 鑫字代表什么生肖| 竖中指代表什么意思| 阴唇黑是什么原因| 典韦字什么| 走路腿软没劲是什么原因引起的| ai是什么元素| 8月8号是什么日子| 智齿疼吃什么药| 王加申念什么| 糖尿病人可以吃什么零食| 梦见生姜是什么意思| 骨盐量偏低是什么意思| 梅花什么时候开| 大姨妈吃什么水果最好| 晚餐吃什么健康又营养| 纸老虎是什么意思| 浔是什么意思| 北极熊代表什么生肖| 台州为什么念第一声| 先入为主是什么意思| 宫颈病变是什么原因引起的| 歇斯底里什么意思| 轻度脑萎缩是什么意思| 嗓子痒干咳是什么原因| 肩周炎吃什么药好| 胀气是什么症状| 舌苔厚白吃什么中成药| 寻麻疹涂抹什么药膏| 老花眼是什么症状| 清炖鸡放什么调料| 春天像什么| iqc是什么意思| 头晕是什么原因引起的| 机油用什么能洗掉| 类固醇是什么东西| 大圣是什么生肖| 嘴巴疱疹用什么药膏| 老人适合喝什么茶| 牙髓炎是什么原因引起的| 7月24日是什么星座| 欧盟是什么| 张国立老婆叫什么名字| 边界欠清是什么意思| 什么木头的菜板最好| 百度???? ??

备案大限将至：P2P上演“生死时速”

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????? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ???? (????) ??? ??????.
???
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???? 0° ?? 160° ? / ??? 0° ?? 160° ? / 0; -160
?? ??165,250,000 km2 (63,800,000 mi2)
?? ??4,280 m (14,040 ft)
?? ??10,911 m (35,797 ft)
?? ??c. 710,000,000 km3 (170,000,000 cu mi)
???? ??
?????
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百度 那么，从美国政局和太空军事力量的现状来看，组建太空部队的倡议蕴含着什么动机？其前景又如何呢？从特朗普突然宣布组建太空部队的时间点和背景来看，这番言论可能既出于其让美军再次强大的构想，也与他所处的国内政局相关。

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???(太平洋, ??: Pacific Ocean)? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ????. ????? ????? ????? ???, ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???, ????? ???? ??????? ??, ????? ???? ??? ??? ???.

??? 165,250,000 km2 (?? ??? ??? ??)?, ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??? ? 46%? ?? ?? ???? ? 32%? ????. ?? ?? ?? ?? ??(148,000,000 km2)?? ??.[1] ?? ??? ???? ??, ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??. ?? ??(???? ??? ?? ??)? ????[2] ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???. ?? ????? ????(?? ? ???? ???? ??)?? ????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ???, ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ?????, ??/??? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ? ? ????? ?? ? ??.

???? ?? ??? 4,000 m??.[3] ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????, ??? 10,928 m? ???.[4] ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? 10,823 m? ??.[5] ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 31°C?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ????.[6]

?????? ????, ????, ????, ??, ?????, ???, ?????, ???????, ??? ?, ????, ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??.

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16?? ?, ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? 1513?? ??? ??? ?? ??? "??"? ???? ?? "?? ??"(????: Mar del Sur ?????[*])?? ????. ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? 1521? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ? ??? ?????? '???? ??'? ???? ?? ?????? ???.[7][8]

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[??]

???, ??????? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? 25,000? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??. ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??.

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 ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ? ???????????.
??? ??? ??. ?? ??(????) ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ? ?

?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ? 6? ??? 7? ? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? 80 km ?? ??? ?? ????, ???????, ???, ????? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??. ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? 5? 8? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????, ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? 3? 2? ?? ???, ??? 2? 5? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? 180 km? 230 km? ??? ???? ??.[9]

??? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ??????, ??????? ?????. ??? ?? ?????, ?? ????, ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????, ?? ? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???.[10][11]

????????? ??? ?? ?? ??

??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ????. ????????? ??? ?3000c.~1500?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ??(?? ???? ??, ????, ?? ??, ??? ?)? ??? ??. ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? 2200???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1500??? ???? ???,[12] ??? 1000??? ???? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 1500??? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ? ??? ??? 500???? ???? ??????? ???? ????.[13][14][15] ???? ????????? ?? ??? 7000?? ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ????????? ? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? 15000?? ???? ??? ????.[16]

??? 1300??? 1200??, ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ? ??? ????? ??, ??? ??, ????, ??, ??????? ????. ???? ??? 900??? 800???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? 200?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??(???? ??, ?? ??, ???? ??)? ???? ? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???. ?? ??? 700???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ????, ?? ? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ??? 700??? ? ??, ????, ???? ??? ????, ??? 900??? ????, ??? 1000??? ?????, ??? ??? ??? 1200??? ????? ????.[14][17][18] ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??.[19][20]

???? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ??? ?????.
????? ???? ??? 1507?? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ?? "????"?? ??? ???? ????.

?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? 1512?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???,[21][22] 1513??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????.[23] ??? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ??? ?????.

??? ??? 1513? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.[24] ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??("??" ?? "?? ??")?? ????.

1520? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? Pacífico(?? "????"? ???? "???")?? ???. ? ??? 18???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???.[25] ???? 1521? 3? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ???.[26] ??? ??? 1521? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? 1522?? ??? ?? ??? ????.[27] 1525??? 1527? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ???? ???? ???? ??,[28] ?? ??,[29] ??????? ????.[30] 1542??? 1543??? ?????? ??? ????? ??.[31]

1564?, ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? 5?? 379?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????.[32] 16?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??? ???? 2?? ? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ???, ???? ??, ? ??, ??? ??, ????, ?? ?? ? ????? ??? ????.[33]

??, "??? ?? ?"? ?? ???????? ?? 17?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? 1606?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????,[34] ?? ???? 1642?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ???????? ????? ????.[35]

16??? 17??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????.[36]

18??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??(?: ?1? ??? ?? ? ??? ??)? ??? ???. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ???????, ???, ?? ??? ???? ????. 1768?, ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????.[37] ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? 1789??? 1794??? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ? ??? ???? ????, ?? ???, ????, ???????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[33]

  • 1529?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????.
    1529?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????.
  • ?? ?? ??? ??? ??, ? 1754?.
    ?? ?? ??? ??? ??, ? 1754?.
  • ??????? ??? ???? (1589?). ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??[38]
    ??????? ??? ???? (1589?). ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??[38]
  • ?? ?? ??? ??? ??, ? 1702–1707?
    ?? ?? ??? ??? ??, ? 1702–1707?

?????

[??]
 ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ??????.
1960? 1? 23?, ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????
1842? 9? 9?, ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??

19?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???, ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1830?? ?? ??? ??? HMS ??? ??,,[39] 1870?? HMS ??? ??,[40] USS ????? (1873–76) ??,[41] ??? ?? (1874–76)? ??? ?????.[42]

??????? ???? 1842?? ?????, 1853??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????.[43] 1875?? 1887?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? 1888?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[44](p. 53) 1900??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??, ???, ??, ??, ??, ??? ?? ?? ???.[43]

??? 1898?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????,[45] ??? 1914??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????.[46] ?2? ?? ??? ?? ??, ???? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ???.

??

[??]
????????? ? ??? ??. ???? ???? ???.
??? ??? ? ??
??? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????, ?????, ?????

???? ???? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ???? ??(????)? ??(????) ???? ? ??? ? ??. ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??.[1] ???? ?? ??? ? 3?? 1? ????, ??? 1? 6? 5? 2?? km2? ?? ?? ?? ??(1? 5?? km2)? ?? ??? ??.[47]

??? ????? ?? 60°? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? 15,500 km ?? ???(? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??), ?? ? ?? ??? ?? 5°?? ??????? ???? ???? ? 19,800 km? ???. ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? 5? ????.[48] ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ?? ??? ?? 4° 58′ ?? 158° 45′? / ??? 4.97° ?? 158.75° ? / -4.97; -158.75? ??.[49] ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? 10,911 m? ??. ?? ??? 4,280 m?, ? ??? ? 710,000,000 km3 (170,000,000 cu mi)??.[1]

? ???? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ? 2.5 cm? ???? ???, ?? ??? ? 0.52 km2? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??.[50][51]

???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???, ? ? ?? ? ??? ?????, ???, ????, ????, ??, ????, ???, ????, ????. ????? ?? (??? ??? ??? ?? ??)? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.[52]

???? ?? 180?? ????? ??? ????(??? ??? ?? ???)? ???? ?? ????(???? ??? ?? ???)? ???? ??.[53]

?????? ??????? ???? ???-?? ?? (??? ??)?? ??? ?? ?? (????? ??)? ??? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? (????? ??)? ???? ????? ??? ??.

???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??, ???? ??? ???? ???? ???. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??. ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????.[54] ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??.[55]

1507? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????.[56] ??? 1529? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????.[57]

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???? ??? ?? ??(EEZ) ??

(??? ???? ???? ??(*)? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????. ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??(#)? ????.)

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????

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???

[??]

???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????.

??? ?

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????.
????? ??? ??

???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. ????? ? 25,000?? ?? ??.[58][59][60] ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????, ?????, ????? 3??? ?? ? ??. ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??, ??? ???? ??, ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ????.[61][62]

???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ??. ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??, ??? ??, ????? ??, ????, ??, ????????.[63]

?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ????? ???, ????, ???, ??, ???? ???, ????? ? ??, ???? ??, ???? ???, ????? ???? ??, ???? ??, ???? ??, ????? ????.[64]

???? ?? ?? ???, ?? ?, ???, ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ?? ? ??. ???? ????? ???? ???, ?????, ??? ?? ????. ? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??. ?? ?? ?? ????, ?? ?? ???? ??. ?? ??? ????, ???, ??? ?? ?? ??.[65]

????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????, ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ??. ?? ?? ???? (? ???)? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??.[66][67]

?? ??

[??]
?? ?????? ??

???? ??? ?? ???? ? 50.1???? ????, ? 714,000,000 km3? ????.[68] ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? -1.4 °C?? ?? ??? ? 30 °C?? ???? ??? ? ??.[69] ?? ?? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ?? 37‰? ???. ?? ??? ?? ??? 34‰?? ?? ? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. 32‰ ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????.[70] ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??(???? ??)?? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? 15°? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??.[71]

?? 45° ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.[72] ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??.[73] ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? 50° ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.[74]

??

[??]
???? ???? ?????? ??? ??
1979? 10? 12?, ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?

???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??. ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ??? ?? ? ????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????.[75]

?? ? ??? ?????? ???-?? ?? (ENSO)? ?? ??? ??? ???. ENSO? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? 3,000 km ??? ?? 3?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? 0.5 C° ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????.[76]

?? ??????? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????.[77] ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ???. ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??. ? ????? 5?? ?? ??? ?? ???, 9?? ?? ??? ?? ???. 11?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???.[78] ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??. ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? 6??? 10? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ?? ????? ???? ??? 5??? 12??? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ? ??? ??? ???.[79]

????? 10??? 5???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ???, 6??? 12???? ???? ??? ????.[80] ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ???,[81] ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? "???? 40?", "???? 50?", "?? ??? 60?"?? ??? ?? ?????.[82]

??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ???????.
???? ???; ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??. ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??.
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??
2020? ?? ??????? ???????

???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????, ?? ????? ???? 1519??? 1522???? ?? ?? ?? "???? ??"?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????(Maris Pacifici)?? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????.[83]

????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[84] ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??, ??, ???? ??, ??? ??, ????? ?? ??? ???.[85][86]

??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ????. ?????, ???, ??, ???, ????? ???? ??? ??.

????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ???? ??. ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ? ??? ???? ? ?, ??, ??? ???. ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????.[61] ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????.

???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??.

???? ??

[??]

???? 7? 5?? ? ? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ? 2? ? ? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???.[87] ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? 1? 8?? ? ?? ????, ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????.[88]

???

[??]

????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ???? ??. ???? ???-??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??.

??

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???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???. ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????, ???????, ??, ??????, ????, ???, ??? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??.[89]

??

[??]

???? ????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ????? ??, ??, ???, ???, ???, ????? ??? ??? ???.[90] ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ????.[91] ?? ??, ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? 1990?? ?? ?? ???? ???.[92]

??

[??]
 ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????.
??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ????.[93]
2008? ??? ??? ?? ???

?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????.[94] ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? 1972??? 2012? ??? 100? ????.[95] ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? 3?? ???.[96] ???? ???, ? ??? ???? 8??? ????? ??? ?? ? 1? 8?? ??? ???.[97]

?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????.[98] ?? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????. ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????.[99]

?? ???? ??, ??, ??, ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?? ?? ???(beach litter)?? ???.[98]

?? ???? ??? 96?, ??? ???, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

????

[??]
 ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????.
2020?, ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ? ?? ????? ??? ?????.[100]

1946??? 1958??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ? 67?? ??? ??? ?????.[101][102] 1965? ???? A-4 ?? ? ??? 1??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????.[103][104]

2021?, ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? 30?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???.[105] ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? 2011??? 2013??? ???? ???? 20~40? ???? ??? ??? ?????.[106]

?? ??

[??]

???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???, ? ???? ????, ??, ??, ??, ???? ?? ??? ???? ??. ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??.

?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ? ? ??.[107] ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??, ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ??. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ????.[108]

?? ?? ??

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  1. ↑ ? ? ? "Pacific Ocean". Britannica Concise. 2008: Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.
  2. ↑ “The Coriolis Effect”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2022? 4? 8?? ???. 
  3. ↑ “How big is the Pacific Ocean?”. 《US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration》 (?? ??). 2018? 10? 18?? ???. 
  4. ↑ “Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep” (PDF). 
  5. ↑ “CONFIRMED: Horizon Deep Second Deepest Point on the Planet” (PDF). 
  6. ↑ SAS, Des Clics Nomades. “Water temperature of the Pacific Ocean - real time map and monthly temperatures”. 《SeaTemperatu.re》 (??). 2025? 6? 14?? ???. 
  7. ↑ ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? 1913? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.
  8. ↑ Andrews, Evan (2023? 10? 17?). “10 Surprising Facts About Magellan's Circumnavigation of the Globe”. 《history.com》. A&E Networks. 2024? 9? 27?? ???. 
  9. ↑ O'Connor, Sue; Hiscock, Peter (2018). 〈The Peopling of Sahul and Near Oceania〉. Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. 《The Oxford handbook of prehistoric Oceania》. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199925070. 
  10. ↑ Jett, Stephen C. (2017). 《Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas》. University of Alabama Press. 168–171?. ISBN 978-0817319397. 2020? 7? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 6? 4?? ???. 
  11. ↑ Mahdi, Waruno (2017). 〈Pre-Austronesian Origins of Seafaring in Insular Southeast Asia〉. Acri, Andrea; Blench, Roger; Landmann, Alexandra. 《Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia》. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. 325–440?. ISBN 978-9814762755. 2020? 7? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 6? 4?? ???. 
  12. ↑ Winter, Olaf; Clark, Geoffrey; Anderson, Atholl; Lindahl, Anders (September 2012). 《Austronesian sailing to the northern Marianas, a comment on Hung et al. (2011)》. 《Antiquity》 86. 898–910?. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00047992. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 161735451. 
  13. ↑ Heiske, Margit; Alva, Omar; Pereda-Loth, Veronica; Van Schalkwyk, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Letellier, Thierry; Rakotarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Pierron (2021? 1? 22?). 《Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population》. 《Human Molecular Genetics》 30. R72–R78?. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddab018. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 33481023. 
  14. ↑ ? ? Gray RD, Drummond AJ, Greenhill SJ (January 2009). 《Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement》. 《Science》 323. 479–483?. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..479G. doi:10.1126/science.1166858. PMID 19164742. S2CID 29838345. 
  15. ↑ Pawley A (2002). 〈The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people〉. Bellwood PS, Renfrew C. 《Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis》. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. 251–273?. ISBN 978-1902937205. 
  16. ↑ Larena, Maximilian (2021? 3? 22?). 《Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years》. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》 118. e2026132118?. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11826132L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. PMC 8020671. PMID 33753512. 
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  44. ↑ William Sater, Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict, 1990 by the University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0-8203-1249-5
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  50. ↑ “Plate Tectonics”. Bucknell University. 2014? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 6? 9?? ???. 
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  60. ↑ United States. ?? ?????; Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (2009). 《Toward an Ecosystem Approach for the Western Pacific Region: from Species-based Fishery Management Plans to Place-based Fishery Ecosystem Plans: Environmental Impact Statement》 (??). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University. 60?. 
  61. ↑ ? ? 《Academic American encyclopedia》. Grolier Incorporated. 1997. 8?. ISBN 978-0-7172-2068-7. 
  62. ↑ Lal, Brij Vilash; Fortune, Kate (2000). 《The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia》. University of Hawaii Press. 63?. ISBN 978-0-8248-2265-1. 
  63. ↑ West, Barbara A. (2009). 《Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania》. Infobase Publishing. 521?. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. 
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  65. ↑ Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Clague, David A. (2009). 《Encyclopedia of Islands》. University of California Press. 706?. ISBN 978-0-520-25649-1. 
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  68. ↑ “PWLF.org – The Pacific WildLife Foundation – The Pacific Ocean”. 2012? 4? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 8? 23?? ???. 
  69. ↑ Mongillo, John F. (2000). 《Encyclopedia of Environmental Science》. University Rochester Press. 255?. ISBN 978-1-57356-147-1. 
  70. ↑ "Pacific Ocean: Salinity", Encyclop?dia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  71. ↑ "Wind Driven Surface Currents: Equatorial Currents Background", Ocean Motion. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  72. ↑ "Kuroshio", Encyclop?dia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
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  74. ↑ "South Equatorial Current", Encyclop?dia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
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  76. ↑ Climate Prediction Center (2014? 6? 30?). “ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions” (PDF). ?? ?????. 5, 19–20?. 2014? 6? 30?? ???. 
  77. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Monsoon. ??? 22 3? 2008 - ??? ?? American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 16 January 2009.
  78. ↑ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory – Hurricane Research Division. “Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?”. ?? ?????. 2006? 7? 25?? ???. 
  79. ↑ Chand, Savin S.; Dowdy, Andrew; Bell, Samuel; Tory, Kevin (2020), Kumar, Lalit, ??., “A Review of South Pacific Tropical Cyclones: Impacts of Natural Climate Variability and Climate Change”, 《Climate Change and Impacts in the Pacific》, Springer Climate (??) (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 251–273?, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32878-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-32878-8, S2CID 212780026, 2023? 10? 25?? ??? 
  80. ↑ "Pacific Ocean", World Factbook, CIA. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  81. ↑ John P. Stimac. Air pressure and wind. Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
  82. ↑ Walker, Stuart (1998). 《The sailor's wind》. W.W. Norton & Company. 91?. ISBN 978-0-393-04555-0. 
  83. ↑ Turnbull, Alexander (2006). 《Map New Zealand: 100 Magnificent Maps from the Collection of the Alexander Turnbull Library》. Godwit. 8?. ISBN 978-1-86962-126-1. 
  84. ↑ Trent, D. D.; Hazlett, Richard; Bierman, Paul (2010). 《Geology and the Environment》. Cengage Learning. 133?. ISBN 978-0-538-73755-5. 
  85. ↑ Lal, Brij Vilash; Fortune, Kate (2000). 《The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia》. University of Hawaii Press. 4?. ISBN 978-0-8248-2265-1. 
  86. ↑ Mueller-Dombois, Dieter (1998). 《Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands》. Springer. 13?. ISBN 978-0-387-98313-4. 
  87. ↑ “GEOL 102 The Proterozoic Eon II: Rodinia and Pannotia”. Geol.umd.edu. 2010? 1? 5?. 2010? 10? 31?? ???. 
  88. ↑ Mussett, Alan E.; Khan, M. Aftab (2000). 《Looking into the Earth: An Introduction to Geological Geophysics》. Cambridge University Press. 332?. ISBN 978-0-521-78574-7. 
  89. ↑ "Pacific Ocean: Fisheries", Encyclop?dia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  90. ↑ "Pacific Ocean: Commerce and Shipping", The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th edition. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  91. ↑ Burgess, Matthew G (2013? 9? 16?). 《Predicting overfishing and extinction threats in multispecies fisheries》. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 110. 15943–15948?. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11015943B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314472110. PMC 3791778. PMID 24043810. 
  92. ↑ "Pacific Ocean Threats & Impacts: Overfishing and Exploitation" ??? 12 5? 2013 - ??? ??, Center for Ocean Solutions. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  93. ↑ “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”. 《Marine Debris Division – Office of Response and Restoration》. NOAA. 2013? 7? 11?. 2014? 4? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  94. ↑ Pan, Zhong; Liu, Qianlong; Sun, Yan; Sun, Xiuwu; Lin, Hui (2019? 9? 1?). 《Environmental implications of microplastic pollution in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean》. 《Marine Pollution Bulletin》 146. 215–224?. Bibcode:2019MarPB.146..215P. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.031. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 31426149. S2CID 196691104. 
  95. ↑ Plastic waste in the North Pacific is an ongoing concern BBC 9 May 2012
  96. ↑ “'Great Pacific Garbage Patch' is massive floating island of plastic, now 3 times the size of France”. United States: ABC News. 2018? 3? 23?. 
  97. ↑ “'Great Pacific garbage patch' 16 times bigger than previously thought, say scientists”. 《The Independent》. 2018? 3? 23?. 2022? 5? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  98. ↑ ? ? Handwerk, Brian (2009? 9? 4?). “Photos: Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Documented – A First”. National Geographic. 2010? 11? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  99. ↑ Gerlach, Sebastian A. (1975). 《Marine Pollution》 (???). Berlin: Springer. 
  100. ↑ 大月規義 (2020? 11? 3?). “原発の処理水、菅首相「飲んでもいい?」 東電の説明は” [Prime Minister Suga asks if the treated radioactive water is drinkable. Here is TEPCO's response]. 《??? ??》. 
  101. ↑ “Marshall Islands marks 71 years since start of US nuclear tests on Bikini”. 《Radio New Zealand》 (??). 2017? 3? 1?. 
  102. ↑ Lewis, Renee (2015? 7? 28?). “Bikinians evacuated 'for good of mankind' endure lengthy nuclear fallout”. Al Jazeera. 
  103. ↑ Thaler, Andrew David (2018? 7? 26?). “How many nuclear weapons are at the bottom of the sea. An (almost certainly incomplete) census of broken arrows over water.”. Southern Fried Science. 
  104. ↑ Halloran, Richard (1981? 5? 26?). “U.S. discloses accidents involving nuclear weapons”. 《The New York Times》. 
  105. ↑ “Fukushima: Japan approves releasing wastewater into ocean”. BBC. 2021? 4? 13?. 
  106. ↑ Hsu, Jeremy (2013? 8? 13?). “Radioactive Water Leaks from Fukushima: What We Know”. 《????? ????》. 
  107. ↑ Jochen Halfar, Rodney M. Fujita (2007). 《Danger of Deep-Sea Mining》. 《Science》 316. 987?. doi:10.1126/science.1138289. PMID 17510349. 2021? 6? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  108. ↑ “Impacts of mining deep sea polymetallic nodules in the Pacific Ocean | Deep Sea Mining: Out of Our Depth”. 《Deep Sea Mining: Out Of Our Depth》. 2020? 5? 19?. 2020? 6? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 

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